Louise Pasteur

 LOUISE PASTEUR                            لوئیس پاسچر

لوئیس پاسچر ( 27 دسمبر، 1822ء – 28 ستمبر، 1895ء) ایک حیاتیات ، کیمیا ، اور چرثومیات کا فرانسیسی ماہر تھا، جس نے کتے کے کاٹے کا اعلاج دریافت کیا اور یہ ثابت کیا کہ بہت سی بیماریاں ازخود نہیں جراثیم کی وجہ سے پیدا ہوتی ہیں۔ خمیر کے بارے میں اس کی تحقیقات سے جرثومیات کا نیا علم وجود میں آیا، اور متعدی امراض کے اسباب اور ان کی روک تھام کے بارے میں تحقیقات سے عضویات میں ایک نئے شعبے کا اضافہ ہوا۔ پاسچر نے چڑیوں ، جانوروں اور حیوانوں میں متعدی امراض پھیلانے والے جراثیم کو بھی مطالعہ کیا۔ اُسے معلوم ہوا کہ مویشیوں کا بخار اور مرغیوں کی بیماری ’’چکن کالرا‘‘ مختلف جراثیم کی وجہ سے پیدا ہوتی ہیں۔ اس کے بعد اس نے جنون سگ گزیدگی ’’ ریبیز ‘‘ کے مرض کا مطالعہ کیا اور اس بیماری کا ایک ٹیکا ایجاد کیا۔ دودھ کو حرارت پہنچا کر بیکٹریا سے محفوظ کرنے کا عمل اسی کی ایجاد ہے۔ اور اسی کے نام سے موسوم ہے۔ پاسچر کی تحقیقات اور خدمات کے اعتراف میں پیرس میں پاسچر انسٹی ٹیوٹ قائم کیا گیا۔ جس میں ہیضہ ، میعادی بخار اور دوسری بیماریوں کے ٹیکے تیار کیے 

 جاتے ہیں۔

Louis Pasteur was born on December 27, 1822, in Dole, located in the Jura region of France. He grew up in the town of Arbois, and his father, Jean-Joseph Pasteur, was a tanner and a sergeant major decorated with the Legion of Honor during the Napoleonic Wars. An average student, Pasteur was skilled at drawing and painting. He received his bachelor of arts degree (1840) and a bachelor of science degree (1842) at the Royal College of Besançon and a doctorate (1847) from the École Normale in Paris.

Pasteur then passed several years researching and teaching at Dijon Lycée. In 1848, he became a professor of chemistry at the University of Strasbourg, where he met Marie Laurent, the daughter of the university's rector. They married on May 29, 1849, and had five children, though only two survived childhood.

In 1849, Pasteur was trying to resolve a problem concerning the nature of tartaric acid — a chemical found in the sediments of fermenting wine. Scientists were using the rotation of polarised light as a means for studying crystals. When polarised light is passed through a solution of dissolved tartaric acid, the angle of the plane of light is rotated. Pasteur observed that another compound called para-tartaric acid, also found in wine sediments, had the same composition as tartaric acid. Most scientists assumed the two compounds were uniform. However, Pasteur observed that para-tartaric acid did not rotate plane-polarised light. He deduced that although the two compounds had the same chemical composition, they must somehow have different structures.

Looking at the para-tartaric acid under a microscope, Pasteur observed there were two different types of tiny crystals. Though they looked almost identical, the two were actually mirror images of each other. He separated the two types of crystals into two piles and made solutions of each. When polarised light was passed through each, he discovered that both solutions rotated, but in opposite directions. When the two crystals were together in the solution the effect of polarised light was canceled. This experiment established that just studying the composition is not enough to understand how a chemical behaves. The structure and shape is also important and led to the field of stereo-chemistry.

Pasteur's first vaccine discovery was in 1879, with a disease called chicken cholera. After accidentally exposing chickens to the attenuated form of a culture, he demonstrated that they became resistant to the actual virus. Pasteur went on to extend his germ theory to develop causes and vaccinations for diseases such as anthrax, cholera, TB and smallpox.

Pasteur suffered from partially paralysed since 1868, due to a severe brain stroke, but he was able to continue his research. He celebrated his 70th birthday at the Sorbonne, which was attended by several prominent scientists, including British surgeon Joseph Lister. At that time, his paralysis worsened, and he died on September 28, 1895. Pasteur's remains were transferred to a Neo-Byzantine crypt at the Pasteur Institute in 1896.